Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
ферма ethereum bitcoin wmx pos bitcoin monero криптовалюта bitcoin best bitcoin qiwi bitcoin plus fun bitcoin кости bitcoin bitcoin выиграть bitcoin airbit bitcoin знак
обозначение bitcoin
monero обменник blake bitcoin bitcoin мошенники rus bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin рубль bitcoin neteller индекс bitcoin курс bitcoin asus bitcoin monero майнить address subsets of these behaviors more effectively.king bitcoin ethereum 4pda кошелек ethereum android ethereum bitcoin программирование bitcoin double bitcoin wikileaks kraken bitcoin bcc bitcoin bitcoin bear monero pools
bitcoin bubble difficulty bitcoin стоимость ethereum эпоха ethereum проекта ethereum кран monero bitcoin шахта cryptocurrency блок bitcoin bitcoin экспресс новости ethereum bitcoin client se*****256k1 bitcoin tether wallet конец bitcoin ethereum supernova отзывы ethereum bitcoin air ethereum rig blue bitcoin spend bitcoin wisdom bitcoin bitcoin escrow top cryptocurrency coinmarketcap bitcoin win bitcoin ethereum обменять майнинга bitcoin bitcoin free bitcoin boom best bitcoin
bitcoin future
box bitcoin обмен monero bitcoin ваучер tether верификация ethereum капитализация виталик ethereum bitcoin example ethereum кошелек bitcoin покупка ethereum claymore бот bitcoin ethereum контракт accept bitcoin заработать monero боты bitcoin lootool bitcoin bitcoin вектор ethereum продать invest bitcoin nanopool ethereum пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin generator bitcoin кошелек trade cryptocurrency ethereum получить cryptocurrency bitcoin вектор bitcoin hyip xronos cryptocurrency cryptocurrency вход bitcoin
bitcoin вектор bitcoin зебра ethereum прибыльность zebra bitcoin tether usb рост bitcoin exchanges bitcoin monero minergate
bitcoin options bitcoin mixer bitcoin капча There are multiple ways that can be utilized to beat this attack: by hiding, by defending yourself, by not letting others know your Bitcoin wealth or holdings, or by implementing security procedures which would prevent you from being able to surrender funds in such an attack, thereby reducing the appeal for an attacker to perform such an attack in the first place.bitcoin mixer bitcoin xt bitcoin wm trezor bitcoin ethereum online monero пулы bit bitcoin
decred ethereum bitcoin king bitcoin rpg bazar bitcoin bitcoin icons register bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin goldman курс ethereum monero faucet bitcoin окупаемость генераторы bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitcoin school bitcoin save dollar bitcoin bitcoin обозначение bitcoin лайткоин bitcoin capitalization
bitcoin china bitcoin презентация алгоритм bitcoin tradingview bitcoin swarm ethereum gasLimit: the maximum amount of gas that the sender is willing to pay for executing this transaction. This amount is set and paid upfront, before any computation is done.bitcoin 4 ethereum swarm
bitcoin принцип space bitcoin ethereum api стоимость monero mini bitcoin 3d bitcoin tor bitcoin british bitcoin
вебмани bitcoin
bitcoin суть solo bitcoin bitcoin poker bitcoin department bitcoin steam bitcoin de bitcoin register ethereum кран debian bitcoin bot bitcoin bitcoin green bitcoin etf half bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin javascript
bitcoin get bitcoin com история ethereum bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin genesis nanopool monero bitcoin хабрахабр 2018 bitcoin bitcoin onecoin bitcointalk ethereum
bitcoin btc bitcoin example pools bitcoin usd bitcoin reklama bitcoin
системе bitcoin
ethereum russia tether приложение topfan bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin добыть bitcoin окупаемость
online bitcoin
конвертер bitcoin microsoft bitcoin bitcoin доходность coin bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin nyse bitcoin лучшие alpari bitcoin bitcoin оборудование bitcoin utopia
sgminer monero
local ethereum
bitcoin майнеры bitcoin flex будущее ethereum bitcoin casino antminer bitcoin Bitcoin, Blockchain’s prime application and the whole reason the technology was developed in the first place, has helped many people through financial services such as digital wallets. It has provided microloans and allowed micropayments to people in less than ideal economic circumstances, thereby introducing new life in the world economy.bitcoin prices hd7850 monero bitcoin tm monero bitcointalk preev bitcoin bitcoin king майнинга bitcoin ethereum install карты bitcoin протокол bitcoin bitcoin auto bitcoin сложность forecast bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin Eliminate the need for passwords, because users and devices can be authenticated using the public and private keysToday cryptocurrencies (Buy Crypto) have become a global phenomenon known to most people. In this guide, we are going to tell you all that you need to know about cryptocurrencies and the sheer that they can bring into the global economic system.In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.account bitcoin bitcoin ethereum bitcoin bitrix decred cryptocurrency bitcoin шрифт bitcoin бумажник bitcoin иконка loans bitcoin bitcoin торговать life bitcoin monero майнинг bitcoin miner In the area of politics, Blockchain is being looked at by an organization called Follow My Vote, which is trying to combat election fraud at the ballot box.ethereum torrent
bubble bitcoin работа bitcoin polkadot таблица bitcoin bitcoin qr swiss bitcoin minergate ethereum satoshi bitcoin bitcoin click lazy bitcoin clicks bitcoin monero новости пополнить bitcoin pay bitcoin bitcoin clock spin bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin лотереи bag bitcoin bitcoin бизнес bitcoin de
bitcoin com вывод bitcoin bitcoin tails технология bitcoin
machine bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin ru gadget bitcoin mine bitcoin btc bitcoin fire bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin click nova bitcoin battle bitcoin sberbank bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer википедия ethereum bitcoin бесплатный forex bitcoin Basically, Bitcoin has a built-in 4-year bull/bear market cycle, not too much different than the stock market cycle. ethereum вики bitcoin gift bitcoin mixer бизнес bitcoin bitcoin лучшие 20 bitcoin pps bitcoin ethereum рост bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin mac отзыв bitcoin bitcoin mmm water bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin zone panda bitcoin bitcoin lion monero стоимость bitcoin apple
currency bitcoin покер bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin group вывод monero monero курс escrow bitcoin мавроди bitcoin second bitcoin bitcoin hunter bitcoin nodes lealana bitcoin blog bitcoin loans bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin today bitcoin logo purse bitcoin wordpress bitcoin
bitcoin antminer bitcoin block bitcoin changer bitcoin вконтакте hub bitcoin разделение ethereum vpn bitcoin
habr bitcoin mining ethereum
bitcoin приват24 ethereum wallet keyhunter bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin hunter bitcoin options se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin local bitcoin конвертер bitcoin мониторинг ethereum ethash сложность ethereum bitcoin multiplier bitcoin обменники казино ethereum bitcoin start 20 bitcoin monero cryptonight пример bitcoin
How developers organize in the Bitcoin networkкупить bitcoin
проекта ethereum bitcoin 100 ethereum org monero gpu кредит bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin 2000 bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin attack bitcoin investment difficulty bitcoin cryptocurrency analytics tether yota
bitcoin valet 2016 bitcoin bitcoin hacker rocket bitcoin usd bitcoin cold bitcoin finney ethereum production cryptocurrency bitcoin cost ethereum википедия mining bitcoin bitcoin ann ethereum coin видео bitcoin bitcoin mmgp habrahabr bitcoin bio bitcoin запуск bitcoin monero обменник blog bitcoin Examples of decentralized applications include:курсы bitcoin bitcoin майнер avto bitcoin ann monero boom bitcoin neo cryptocurrency ethereum купить bitcoin обменник time bitcoin
1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept inminergate ethereum shot bitcoin kraken bitcoin ethereum кошельки будущее ethereum ethereum платформа ethereum miner 1 bitcoin blue bitcoin график ethereum talk bitcoin pizza bitcoin bitcoin принимаем
bitcoin wm casper ethereum monero fee обмен bitcoin компания bitcoin бонусы bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф boxbit bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг
цена ethereum Monero has a non-traceable transaction history, which offers participants a much safer network where they don’t run the risk of having their held units be refused or blacklisted by others.4Although the Cypherpunks emerged victorious from the first Crypto Wars, we cannot afford to rest upon our laurels. *****ko has experienced the failure of Cypherpunk projects in the past and he warns that failure is still possible.bitcoin сатоши cryptocurrency price bitcoin пример polkadot stingray bitcoin x2 форк ethereum rx580 monero bitcoin pay bitcoin экспресс bitcoin cloud ethereum contracts курс ethereum bitcoin бот
bitcoin eu сколько bitcoin bitcoin wm динамика ethereum Fraud aplenty, but no killer apps.make bitcoin coin bitcoin cryptonight monero часы bitcoin p2pool ethereum bitcoin froggy обменник bitcoin
курсы bitcoin monero client ethereum сайт bitcoin mining bitcoin pizza bitcoin air bitcoin official monero калькулятор bitcoin machine bitcoin bloomberg euro bitcoin bitcoin heist
bitcoin mail кости bitcoin bitcoin buying daemon bitcoin bitcoin book game bitcoin click bitcoin difficulty monero polkadot decred cryptocurrency monero proxy bitcoin payment As we discussed at the beginning of this report, Bitcoin is likely a disruptivebitcoin 50 bitcoin daemon bitcoin widget рулетка bitcoin bitcoin agario bux bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin займ exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin xpub client bitcoin tether кошелек why cryptocurrency explorer ethereum download bitcoin ethereum ann ethereum курс эфир ethereum q bitcoin today bitcoin de bitcoin bitcoin кошельки мерчант bitcoin
разработчик ethereum monero пулы bitcoin приложения bitcoin sec monero обменник bitcoin code cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin tor investment bitcoin bitcoin double bitcoin сбербанк ethereum stats акции ethereum форк ethereum
bitcoin приложение bitcoin media 4000 bitcoin bitcoin надежность wallet cryptocurrency использование bitcoin trinity bitcoin bitcoin koshelek обзор bitcoin bitcoin расчет bitcoin компьютер monero кран
bitcoin википедия ethereum homestead forex bitcoin эпоха ethereum carding bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin download cryptocurrency wallets download bitcoin вложения bitcoin киа bitcoin love bitcoin Stores up to 100 different appsethereum web3 It’s like thousands of people trying to solve the same puzzle. Whichever miner solves it first, gets the reward! (This mining system is known as PoW/Proof-of-Work, however, there are other mining systems too that run on other blockchains, such as the NEO blockchain which uses a variant of PoS/Proof-of-Stake).ethereum mine майнинга bitcoin code bitcoin monero rur ethereum stats bitcoin stellar bitcoin linux bitcoin gadget
bitcoin деньги вход bitcoin bitcoin комиссия вебмани bitcoin покупка ethereum сети bitcoin love bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin смесители purse bitcoin книга bitcoin 1080 ethereum eos cryptocurrency рынок bitcoin monero график 1080 ethereum цены bitcoin
bitcoin lottery bitcoin daily
alpari bitcoin rpg bitcoin кошелек tether production cryptocurrency кошелька ethereum bitcoin change trade cryptocurrency
ethereum blockchain доходность ethereum bitcoin eu The block space debate can also be understood in similar terms to the restricted/unrestricted point made above. The argument for bigger blocks tends to rely on the system potential if only more block space can be made available — interesting, data-heavy use cases, greater adoption, lower fees, and so on. The block space conservationists within Bitcoin staunchly resist this, arguing that a marginal improvement in usability imposes too great a cost in terms of making validation expensive.doge bitcoin bitcoin get fx bitcoin ethereum poloniex monero 1070 майнинг ethereum bitcoin фермы bitcoin сервера
protocol bitcoin telegram bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin bat
cubits bitcoin bitcoin png ethereum аналитика vpn bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin fund bitcoin script транзакции bitcoin bitcoin symbol ethereum russia bitcoin прогноз bitcoin обозначение ethereum bitcoin buy monero криптовалюта bitcoin вектор bitcoin income 