What is Bitcoin’s Lightning Network?
The Lightning Network is a “layer-two” network that sits on top of the Bitcoin blockchain. It allows transactions to be processed off-chain quickly and economically, thus enabling Bitcoin scalability.
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Why is it needed?
Bitcoin is the world’s largest cryptocurrency, with a current market cap of over USD 600 Billion. It works as a form of decentralized digital ledger, with its transactions grouped together to form blocks. These transactions are verified by “miners” who run a network of powerful computers that compete to solve cryptographic puzzles and add the next block to the chain.
Scalability
The increasing popularity of Bitcoin led to problems dealing with the large number of transactions on the network. Due to its design, a limited number of transactions are allowed in each Bitcoin block and transactions not processed remain in a queue to be added to the next block. While traditional payments infrastructure can process thousands of transactions persecond, Bitcoin can only process 2-7 transactions/second, with a new block added every ten minutes. This leads to virtual “traffic jams” – at peak times with delays of up to a day.
Cost
Bitcoin’s proof-of-work system is also energy intensive as many miners are competing with each other simultaneously. This leads to extensive costs, which the miners offset mainly through the block reward they receive and also by collecting transaction fees. Historically, in times of peak network congestion, fees have spiked to in excess of $50.
The Lightning Network addresses these problems.
How Does Lightning Network Work?
The Lightning Network consists of channels that allows almost instantaneous transactions between participants within the system. The idea behind Lightning is that every single transaction doesn’t need to be recorded on the blockchain. Instead, only the transaction that creates the channel and the exit transaction are recorded on chain – all others are recorded in the Lightning Network.
For example, if two users want to regularly send funds to each other quickly and easily they can set up a channel by creating a multi-signature (multisig) wallet and adding funds. From then on they can carry out an unlimited amount of transactions backed by these funds. Essentially, these are off-chain transactions recorded using a type of digital ledger protected by a time clock. Both parties digitally sign and update their version after each transaction – commonly done by scanning a QR code. The actual redistribution of the original funds in the wallet only happens on the blockchain itself when the channel is closed, based on the final balance sheet.
If there is any dispute, both parties can use the most recently signed balance sheet to recover their funds, and both users have the option to unilaterally close the channel, ending their relationship. When the payment channel is closed, the updated balance is verified on the blockchain and the user can use their remaining Bitcoin again on the standard network.
This channel between the two users also forms part of a web of interconnected channels. Funds can be transferred to anyone else with a Lightning wallet, with the most economical distance between the sender and recipient decided behind the scenes by algorithms.
Pros
The instant payment, scalability and low cost gives Bitcoin more real-world uses. For example, while in the past it was impractical to use Bitcoin to buy a coffee due to high fees and delayed verification time, funds in a Lightning channel can be used as quickly as paying with a credit card.
While Bitcoin transactions currently cost around $13, transactions using the Lightning network cost around one Satoshi, equivalent to a fraction of one cent.
Lighting can be used for smaller payments – the minimum is 0.00000001 BTC, or one Satoshi.
Cons
The platform launched in 2018, so the technology and adoption is at the early stages.
Opening and closing a channel involves Bitcoin transaction fees. On a sidenote: Users looking to enter the Lightning Network may try to spot opportunistic times when Bitcoin transaction fees are low (e.g. on weekends).
Transactions can only be made when all parties involved are online.
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With no central counterparties controlling the network, bitcoin functions on a decentralized basis and in a state that eliminates the need for, and dependence on, trust. Its distributed architecture reduces the network’s attack surface by eliminating central points of failure that would otherwise expose the system to critical risk. By being built on a foundation of social disorder and only in the absence of control is bitcoin able to function on a secure basis. It is the precise opposite of the trust-based central bank model. Bitcoin is a monetary system built on a market consensus mechanism, rather than centralized control. There are certain consensus rules that govern the network. Each participant opts in voluntarily and everyone can independently verify (and enforce) that the rules are being followed. If any market participant changes a rule that is inconsistent with the rest of the network, that participant falls out of consensus. The network consensus rules ultimately define what is and what is not a bitcoin, and because each participant is capable of enforcing the rules independently, it is the aggregate function of enforcement on a decentralized basis that ensures there will only ever be 21 million bitcoin. By eliminating trust in centralized counterparties, all network participants are able to rely upon and ultimately trust that the monetary policy is secure and that it will not be subject to arbitrary change. It may seem like a paradox but it is perfectly rational. The system is trusted because it is trustless and it would not be trustless without high degrees of social disorder. Ultimately, a spontaneous order emerges out of disorder and strengthens as each exogenous system shock is absorbed.win bitcoin bitcoin virus криптокошельки ethereum ethereum gas bitcoin server ethereum online bitcoin arbitrage кошель bitcoin raiden ethereum bitcoin cap ethereum котировки ethereum complexity bitcoin co tether js bitcoin минфин bitcoin xl plasma ethereum bitcoin акции bitcoin motherboard bitcoin упал battle bitcoin convert bitcoin bitcoin work
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How to mine Bitcoin: a miner mining Bitcoin.bitcoin kraken circle bitcoin In the Bitcoin network, anyone can join the network and become a bookkeeping service provider i.e., a validator. All validators are allowed in the race to become the block producer for the next block, yet only the first to complete a computationally heavy task will win. This feature is called Proof of Work (PoW).The probability of any single validator to finish the task first is equal to the percentage of the total network computation power, or hash power, the validator has. For instance, a validator with 5% of the total network computation power will have a 5% chance of completing the task first, and therefore becoming the next block producer.Since anyone can join the race, competition is prone to increase. In the early days, Bitcoin mining was mostly done by personal computer *****Us.As of today, Bitcoin validators, or miners, have opted for dedicated and more powerful devices such as machines based on Application-Specific Integrated Circuit ('ASIC').Proof of Work secures the network as block producers must have spent resources external to the network (i.e., money to pay electricity), and can provide proof to other participants that they did so.With various miners competing for block rewards, it becomes difficult for one single malicious party to gain network majority (defined as more than 51% of the network's hash power in the Nakamoto consensus mechanism). The ability to rearrange transactions via 51% attacks indicates another feature of the Nakamoto consensus: the finality of transactions is only probabilistic.Once a block is produced, it is then propagated by the block producer to all other validators to check on the validity of all transactions in that block. The block producer will receive rewards in the network’s native currency (i.e., bitcoin) as all validators approve the block and update their ledgers.In order to 'speak for' an identity, you must know the corresponding secret key. You can create a new identity at any time by generating a new key pair, with no central authority or registry. You do not need to obtain a user name or inform others that you have picked a particular name. This is the notion of decentralized identity management. Bitcoin does not specify how Alice tells Bob what her pseudonym is—that is external to the system.autobot bitcoin Blazing a path forward: the twin conceptions of zero and infinity would ignite the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment — all movements that mitigated the power of The Catholic Church as the dominant institution in the world and paved the way for the industrialized nation-state.lamborghini bitcoin difficulty ethereum
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