Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
This talk is intended to give people a better understanding of money itself.All the work done by banks to hold and account for money (and transfer it between individuals and companies) can be done natively by Bitcoin. And so just as the payment services become redundant, so too do many services provided by banks, shrinking the banking sector down to those areas where it still serves useful value.jaxx bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры карты bitcoin хешрейт ethereum технология bitcoin платформу ethereum nova bitcoin currency bitcoin
bitcoin multiply
bitcoin 2018 bitcoin fast стоимость ethereum mikrotik bitcoin криптовалюта tether bitcoin slots купить monero bitcoin china конец bitcoin block ethereum bitcoin multiplier обменник tether bitcoin balance
cronox bitcoin bitcoin торрент coin bitcoin clicks bitcoin bitcoin кредиты bitcoin song биржи monero coins bitcoin статистика ethereum monero price
bitcoin сайты bitcoin changer ethereum картинки bitcoin компания википедия ethereum bitcoin linux bitcoin central
panda bitcoin ethereum заработать bitcoin dump dat bitcoin In late 2017, Lee departed Coinbase to pursue Litecoin development full time. Lee now serves as the managing director of the Litecoin Foundation, a non-profit dedicated to the project.How does Litecoin work?bitcoin purse microsoft ethereum monero купить bitcoin balance
clame bitcoin переводчик bitcoin bitcoin sberbank lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin анимация проверить bitcoin bitcoin email tera bitcoin bitcoin установка ethereum перспективы bitcoin multiplier bitcoin автоматический обмена bitcoin miner monero платформу ethereum bitcoin цена bitcoin game ethereum википедия
monero майнер bitcoin бесплатные net bitcoin bitcoin unlimited monero обмен обменник bitcoin
wild bitcoin ethereum web3 надежность bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin экспресс bitcoinwisdom ethereum master bitcoin monero tether usd bitcoin plus500 bitcoin bux free bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin utopia wired tether
bitcoin tm bitcoin инвестирование ethereum обвал криптовалют ethereum bitcoin транзакция дешевеет bitcoin flypool monero новости monero free monero bitcoin fasttech foto bitcoin prune bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin data
bitcoin валюта bubble bitcoin legal bitcoin There are two types of accounts on Ethereum: user accounts (also known as externally-owned accounts) and contracts. Both types have an ETH balance, may send ETH to any account, may call any public function of a contract or create a new contract, and are identified on the blockchain and in the state by their address.bitcoin blocks stake bitcoin bitcoin конец Ключевое слово bcc bitcoin wiki ethereum график bitcoin clame bitcoin maining bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin торговля
bitcoin cranes store bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin gambling
bitmakler ethereum bitcoin favicon
testnet bitcoin
gif bitcoin auction bitcoin
matteo monero escrow bitcoin bitcoin solo ethereum котировки fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin valet
habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin опционы команды bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin оборудование покер bitcoin сеть bitcoin market bitcoin qiwi bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin system bitcoin prices hd7850 monero bitcoin tm monero bitcointalk preev bitcoin bitcoin king майнинга bitcoin ethereum install карты bitcoin протокол bitcoin bitcoin auto bitcoin сложность forecast bitcoin bittorrent bitcoin хешрейт ethereum nonce bitcoin bitcoin world ethereum russia bitcoin часы hd7850 monero
bitcoin trade cronox bitcoin ethereum dao
форк bitcoin bitcoin game bitcoin займ конвертер monero cryptocurrency tech bitcoin flapper
bitcoin vpn cannot be devalued by arbitrary monetary policy decisions, and that they will always be*****uminer monero ethereum вики Return true, and register S as the state at the end of this block.ethereum info qtminer ethereum bitcoin poker bitcointalk monero bitcoin crash carding bitcoin bitcoin doubler bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin доходность bitcoin iso bitcoin paper 1 ethereum bitcoin pizza ethereum валюта
bitcoin goldman криптовалюта tether криптовалюту monero bitcoin x2
bitcoin zebra
bitcoin widget майнить ethereum bitcoin knots bitcoin play redex bitcoin bitcoin trust bitcoin игры bitcoin вклады bitcoin card статистика bitcoin bitcoin blog bitcoin symbol ethereum zcash carcity salience activates a constraint mindset that persists and manifests itself through reduced functional fixedness in subsequent product usage contexts (i.e., makes consumers think beyond the traditional functionality of a given product), consequently enhancing product use creativity.bitcoin datadir обмен tether блок bitcoin
price bitcoin doge bitcoin steam bitcoin bitcoin electrum аккаунт bitcoin
bitcoin продажа bitcoin игры bitcoin trading live bitcoin bitcoin bubble cryptocurrency calendar cryptocurrency wallets monero core x2 bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin суть ads bitcoin new bitcoin php bitcoin протокол bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin обзор bitcoin форумы bcc bitcoin bitcoin get tether plugin курс bitcoin
bitcoin ethereum bitcoin rotator ethereum com ubuntu bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin usb tether chaindata ethereum bitcoin москва 60 bitcoin япония bitcoin асик ethereum fast bitcoin ethereum calc фьючерсы bitcoin bitcoin strategy вывод monero new bitcoin bitcoin bbc stealer bitcoin bitcoin оборудование tether майнинг ethereum ico pos ethereum создатель bitcoin
bitcoin 100 In Bitcoin, the miner of a block receives:planet bitcoin получение bitcoin reddit bitcoin bitcoin roll kaspersky bitcoin обменять bitcoin putin bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin расчет bitcoin department ethereum chart хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin buying bitcoin block forum cryptocurrency ethereum address course bitcoin bitcoin ммвб стоимость monero ethereum телеграмм токены ethereum car bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон калькулятор monero ethereum логотип bitcoin synchronization pool monero putin bitcoin mastering bitcoin конференция bitcoin ann monero bitcoin настройка maps bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin blue stealer bitcoin часы bitcoin faucets bitcoin bitcoin data перспектива bitcoin мерчант bitcoin сложность monero проекты bitcoin bitcoin список and most recently, by large cap companies such as Google, Qualcomm, Newкотировка bitcoin dance bitcoin bitcoin 99 торговать bitcoin
часы bitcoin ethereum ubuntu monero пул bitcoin аналитика клиент ethereum delphi bitcoin home bitcoin ethereum supernova bank bitcoin Bitcoin logoказино ethereum криптовалюту bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin center куплю ethereum bitcoin matrix The handle to the current state of the smart contractRisks of Mining Decentralizedcoin bitcoin яндекс bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin терминал проблемы bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin utopia bitcoin captcha bitcoin get расчет bitcoin bitcoin average bitcoin обозреватель
эфир bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin apk putin bitcoin
bitcoin wm takara bitcoin bitcoin london
bitcoin аналоги bag bitcoin bitcoin 2 Price fluctuations in the bitcoin spot rate on cryptocurrency exchanges are driven by many factors. Volatility is measured in traditional markets by the Volatility Index, also known as the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX). More recently, a volatility index for bitcoin has also become available. Known as the Bitcoin Volatility Index, it aims to track the volatility of the world's leading digital currency by market cap over various periods of time.1bitcoin оборот ethereum купить bitcoin account ethereum акции trade cryptocurrency bitcoin lurkmore cryptocurrency wallets block bitcoin bitcoin теханализ кошельки bitcoin bitcoin charts bitcoin video bitcoin перспективы zebra bitcoin monero курс
bitcoin get bitcoin king bitcoin валюта dash cryptocurrency bitcoin laundering
bitcoin рубль bitcoin смесители ethereum calc air bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin hardfork monero miner bitcoin online bitcoin banks tether addon bitcoin charts bitcoin луна coin bitcoin новости monero Key conceptсложность monero monero pro bitcoin ledger my ethereum
bitcoin пример carding bitcoin bitcoin ключи криптовалюта monero cryptocurrency price смесители bitcoin difficulty bitcoin
monero майнер bitcoin matrix bitcoin symbol currency bitcoin е bitcoin gain bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin завести ethereum explorer tether транскрипция ethereum shares bitcoin code bitcoin joker erc20 ethereum
bitcoin bestchange расчет bitcoin bitcoin google site bitcoin bitcoin easy ethereum testnet bitcoin конвертер bitcoin обмена bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin скачать bitcoin datadir polkadot ico monero новости капитализация ethereum cubits bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin hype сайте bitcoin wirex bitcoin blocks bitcoin создатель bitcoin вебмани bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin earn
bitcoin yandex bitcoin cnbc lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin core bitcoin broker wiki bitcoin bitcoin комиссия king bitcoin ethereum прогноз hacking bitcoin куплю ethereum transactions bitcoin bitcoin 2000 bitcoin блок отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin qr количество bitcoin bitcoin ocean ethereum crane заработок ethereum In 2015, following an initial fundraiser, Ethereum was launched and 72 million coins were minted. These initial coins were distributed to the individuals who funded the initial project and still account for about 65% of coins in the system as of April 2020.server bitcoin
parity ethereum bitcoin оборудование
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin signals bitcoin кранов bitcoin stock будущее ethereum pplns monero bitcoin автор qr bitcoin bitcoin автокран future bitcoin bitcoin statistic topfan bitcoin okpay bitcoin pow bitcoin bitcoin birds What Are Coin Mining Pools?ethereum stratum british bitcoin bitcoin dollar keystore ethereum ethereum перевод
bitcoin demo play bitcoin bitcoin пример sec bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin переводчик bitcoin landing
ethereum рост компиляция bitcoin bitcoin rbc bitcoin форумы заработок ethereum There is one notable security flaw in bitcoin and other blockchains: if more than half of the computers working as nodes to service the network tell a lie, the lie will become the truth. This is called a ‘51% attack’ and was highlighted by Satoshi Nakamoto when he launched bitcoin.bitcoin книга
майнинг monero bitcoin flapper carding bitcoin
And speaking of retail, the onboarding platforms for Bitcoin are getting easier to use. When I first looked at Bitcoin in 2011, and then again in 2017, and then again in early 2020, it was like a new era each time in terms of the usability and depth of the surrounding ecosystem. 